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UNIT-I
1) History of molecular biology:
a. Concept, Historical evidences and prospects
2) Central Dogma of Life:
a. Concept
b. Direct evidences for DNA as the genetic material-
i) The transformation experiments
ii) Identification of the “transforming” principle or substance,
iii) Bacterial conjugation
c. Indirect evidences for DNA as the genetic material
d. Evidences for RNA as the genetic material.
3) Structure of DNA and RNA:
a. History, DNA and RNA: Structure
b. Types and function of nucleic acids
i) DNA
ii) RNA
c. Molar ratios of nitrogen bases
d. The equivalence rule
e. Physical, molecular or geometrical organization of DNA
f. Watson and Crick’s model of DNA
g. Polymorphism of DNA helix (or alternative forms of DNA double helices)
4) Gene structure and function:
a. Gene
i) Gene concept,,
ii) Unit of function
iii) Replication, recombination and mutation
b. Fine structure of gene
i) Bar locus
ii) complex loci
iii) rII locus
iv) complementation analysis
c. Gene function: ,
i) One gene/one enzyme hypothesis
ii) Pathways of gene action
5) DNA Replication:
a. Outline of DNA replication
b. Replication takes place During interphase
c. Watson and Crick’s model for DNA replication
d. Experimental evidence for semiconservative DNA replication in E.coli
e. Meselson and Stahl’s experiment semi discontinuous replication
f. Unidirectional and bidirectional DNA replication
g. Enzymes of DNA metabolism,
h. Roles of RNA primers in DNA replication,
i. Mechanism of DNA replication in prokaryotes;
j. DNA replication in eukaryotes,
k. Model’s of DNA Replication,
l. Repair replication,
m. Functions of DNA.
6) Transcription:
a. Prokaryotic transcription
b. Eukaryotic transcription
c. RNA polymerases
d. General and specific transcription factors
e. Regulatory elements and mechanisms of transcription regulation
f. 5’ Cap formation
g. Transcription termination
h. 3’end processing and polyadenylation
i. Nuclear export of mRNA
j. mRNA stability
7) RNA splicing:
a. Nuclear splicing
b. Spliceosome and small nuclear RNAs
c. Group I and group II introns
d. Cis- and Trans- splicing reactions
e. tRNA splicing
f. Alternate splicing
8) Genetic code and translation:
a. Amino acids involved in protein synthesis
b. Characteristics of genetic code viz; triplet code, nonoverlapping, comma less, polarity, codons and anticodons, initiation codons, termination codons, degenerate and universal
c. Wobble hypothesis translation
d. Stages of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes
e. Rate of protein synthesis
f. signal hypothesis
g. Prokaryote and eukaryote protein synthesis
h. Modification of released protein
i. Antibiotics and protein synthesis
9) Prokaryote and Eukaryote nuclear and organelle genome:
a. Genome organization:
i) Genome organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
ii) Special features of eukaryotic gene structure and organization
iii) Genome organization in mitochondria and chloroplast.
b. Genome Anatomies;
i) Overview of Genome Anatomies
ii) Genomes of eukaryotes
iii) Genomes of prokaryotes
iv) The anatomy of the eukaryotic genome
v) Eukaryotic nuclear genomes
vi) Eukaryotic organelle genomes their origin and genetic content,
vii) The Anatomy of the Prokaryotic Genome,
viii) Physical structure of the prokaryotic genome
ix) Genetic organization of the prokaryotic genome
x) Operons are characteristic features of prokaryotic genomes
10) Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes:
a. Induction and repression
b. Operon theory
c. Lac operon
d. trp operon
e. ara operon
f. Attenuation
g. Positive and negative control
h. Catabolite repression
i. Regulation of transcription by cAMP and CRP, and guanosine tetraphosphate, Run off transcription.
j. Britten-Davidson and Mated models of gene regulation
11) Lac operon concept:
a. Lac operon
b. trp operon
c. Attenuation
UNIT-II
1) Introduction to microbial genetics:
a. Scope and development of microbial genetics
b. Recombination in bacteria and viruses
c. Transformation:
i) Competence factors,
ii) Mechanism of transformation
d. Conjugation:
i) Structure of F plasmid,
ii) Mechanism of transfer of F plasmid
iii) Hfr
iv) Mechanism of integration of F plasmid into bacterial chromosome
v) Circularization of chromosome
e. Transduction & Gene mapping,
i) Transformation techniques: Transduction-
ii) Generalized and specialized transduction
iii) DNA transfer by transducing phages-transducing phages as cloning vectors.
2) Role of enzymes in molecular biology:
a. Restriction endonucleases:
i) Types of restriction endonucleases and uses.
b. Restriction mapping,
c. Restriction pattern
d. DNA modifying enzymes, host,
e. Cloning vectors and expression vectors
f. Construction of genomic and c-DNA libraries
g. Cloning, Homo polymer tailing, cohesive and blunt end ligation, adaptors, linkers.
3) Principles of PCR:
a. Concept and components of PCR
b. Procedure of PCR
c. Variants of PCR
d. Applications of PCR
4) Principles of electrophoresis:
a. Principles and types of electrophoresis
i) SDS-PAGE
ii) Agarose Electrophoresis
b. Procedure of electrophoresis
c. 2D Electrophoresis
5) PCR and Hybridization based markers:
a. Introduction to molecular markers
b. Characteristic
c. Types of molecular markers
RFLP; PCR based markers-RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, SSR, SNP, VNTR, ESTs, SCAR, CAPS, DArT
d. Advantages and applications of molecular markers
